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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
% matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
plt.rcParams['figure.dpi'] = 200



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from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge, LinearRegression



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from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score



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from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
boston = load_boston()



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from sklearn.utils import shuffle
X, y = boston.data, boston.target
X, y = shuffle(X, y)



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X.shape



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fig, axes = plt.subplots(3, 5, figsize=(20, 10))
for i, ax in enumerate(axes.ravel()):
    if i > 12:
        ax.set_visible(False)
        continue
    ax.plot(X[:, i], y, 'o', alpha=.5)
    ax.set_title("{}: {}".format(i, boston.feature_names[i]))
    ax.set_ylabel("MEDV")



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print(X.shape)
print(y.shape)



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from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
    X, y, random_state=42)



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np.mean(cross_val_score(LinearRegression(),
                        X_train, y_train, cv=10))



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np.mean(cross_val_score(
        Ridge(), X_train, y_train, cv=10))



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from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
param_grid = {'alpha': np.logspace(-3, 3, 14)}
print(param_grid)



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grid = GridSearchCV(Ridge(), param_grid, cv=10)
grid.fit(X_train, y_train)



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import pandas as pd
plt.figure(dpi=200)
results = pd.DataFrame(grid.cv_results_)
results.plot('param_alpha', 'mean_train_score', ax=plt.gca())
results.plot('param_alpha', 'mean_test_score', ax=plt.gca())

plt.legend()
plt.xscale("log")



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from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures, scale
# being lazy and not really doing things properly  whoops
X_poly = PolynomialFeatures(include_bias=False).fit_transform(scale(X))
print(X_poly.shape)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_poly, y, random_state=42)



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np.mean(cross_val_score(LinearRegression(),
                        X_train, y_train, cv=10))



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np.mean(cross_val_score(Ridge(),
                        X_train, y_train, cv=10))



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grid = GridSearchCV(Ridge(), param_grid, cv=10)
grid.fit(X_train, y_train)



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results = pd.DataFrame(grid.cv_results_)
plt.figure(dpi=200)

results.plot('param_alpha', 'mean_train_score', ax=plt.gca())
results.plot('param_alpha', 'mean_test_score', ax=plt.gca())
plt.legend()
plt.xscale("log")



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print(grid.best_params_)
print(grid.best_score_)



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lr = LinearRegression().fit(X_train, y_train)
plt.scatter(range(X_poly.shape[1]), lr.coef_, c=np.sign(lr.coef_), cmap="bwr_r")



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ridge = grid.best_estimator_
plt.scatter(range(X_poly.shape[1]), ridge.coef_, c=np.sign(ridge.coef_), cmap="bwr_r")



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ridge100 = Ridge(alpha=100).fit(X_train, y_train)
ridge1 = Ridge(alpha=1).fit(X_train, y_train)
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4))

plt.plot(ridge1.coef_, 'o', label="alpha=1")
plt.plot(ridge.coef_, 'o', label="alpha=14")
plt.plot(ridge100.coef_, 'o', label="alpha=100")
plt.legend()

Exercise

Load the diabetes dataset using sklearn.datasets.load_diabetes. Apply LinearRegression, Ridge and Lasso and visualize the coefficients. Try polynomial features.



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# %load solutions/linear_models_diabetes.py